An Aftermath of NPM : Regained Relevance of Public Values

NPM inspired reformers question the existence of public employees who are loyal to the state, but two different literatures challenge the NPM view of public employees as self-interested and loyal only to themselves: Public service motivation (PSM) and public values. The chapter discusses these literatures, following three tracks: The conceptual track: How do PSM and public values affect decisions and behavior in the public sector, and how has NPM affected PSM and public values? The beyond-NPM track: What are the enduring and basic questions?